NumPy
NumPy (Numerical Python) is another fundamental library for scientific computing and machine learning. It provides support for large multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with mathematical functions to operate on these structures efficiently.
NumPy’s array operations are significantly faster than traditional Python lists, making it a core dependency for ML frameworks like TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-learn. It also enables vectorized operations, which improve performance by eliminating the need for explicit loops in numerical computations.
In ML applications, NumPy is used for handling large datasets, implementing mathematical models, and performing matrix operations essential for neural networks. Whether it is manipulating training data, implementing linear algebra functions, or optimizing algorithms, NumPy serves as a backbone for modern machine learning workflows.